17 Excellent recent discussions include Berry, D. H. (2004), ’The Publication of Cicero’s Pro Roscio Amerino’, Mnemosyne 57, 80-87, Gurd, S. (2007), ’Cicero and Editorial Revision’, Classical Antiquity 26, 49-80, and Lintott, A. 13 Alexander, M. (1976), ’Hortensius’ Speech in Defense of Verres’, Phoenix 30, 46-53 (52). In particular, it would put the judges at the same level as the defendant. On the basis of some minor military victories, he unsuccessfully petitioned his senatorial peers for the right to celebrate a triumph. Merci, nous transmettrons rapidement votre demande à votre bibliothèque. And several ancient authors comment on the remarkable irony that Cicero and Verres died in the same year, proscribed by the same man – the former for his tongue, the latter for his art collection.8 A bare skeleton of their respective careers in the form of a table would look something like this: 10When the Sicilians turned to Rome for help against the plundering and extortion perpetrated by Verres, Cicero was a natural point of contact: he had been quaestor in Sicily only a few years earlier, knew the province well, had close ties with various leading locals, and saw himself as their patron.10 He agreed to act as the Sicilians’ legal representative, in what shaped up as a case for one of Rome’s ‛standing courts’, the so-called quaestio de repetundis.11 Because Roman officials enjoyed immunity from prosecution during their time in office, the trial could not start before Verres’ period as pro-magistrate finished at the end of 71 BC. About sixty of the 110 days he had available, he spent on a trip to Sicily, priding himself on ‛the speed of his return’ (Ver. 2.1 is primarily a warm-up to his account of Verres’ governorship of Sicily, to which he devoted the four subsequent speeches.20. The passage under discussion here is no exception. nullum te Aspendi signum, Verres, reliquisse, omnia ex fanis, ex locis publicis, palam, spectantibus omnibus, plaustris evecta exportataque esse: Cicero builds up carefully towards this quick-fire sentence, with its notably *asyndetic style. In § 69, he reports that Roman citizens in Lampsacus on business successfully intervened when the local mob was trying to burn down the house in which Verres stayed. 2.1, in the trial as a whole this particular oration (and hence the Lampsacus episode as well) is a bit of a sideshow. upon the death of King Attalus III of Pergamum. But Cicero put an end to Verres’ crimes and his career: after the trial, Verres remained in exile until his death in 43 BC. 2.1.53 ff. plenissimum: Cicero is very fond of ‘extreme’ expressions, such as superlatives (as here; see also optimorum and intimis) or adjectives that articulate extremes or a sense of totality, such as nullus and omnis (which in this paragraph alone occurs three times): see next note. (Devices that sustain this illusion include direct addresses to the audience, in particular the defendant, members of the jury, or opposing advocates, orders to the clerk to read out documents, and the use of deictic pronouns such as iste that suggest the presence of the person thus referred to.) 1 I. Nemini video dubium esse, iudices, quin apertissime C. Verres in Sicilia sacra profanaque omnia et privatim et publice spoliarit, versatusque sit sine ulla non modo religione verum etiam dissimulatione in omni genere furandi atque praedandi. The sight, so Cicero, even moved the presiding Roman magistrate Nero to tears – precisely the sort of response he wishes to generate in his present audience as well, grounded in sympathy and compassion for Verres’ victims and righteous anger at his abuse of power and violation of Roman values. (2009), The Poison King: The Life and Legend of Mithradates, Rome’s Deadliest Enemy, Princeton. Section 4 explores some pertinent issues in late republican history. 2After the conclusion of the proceedings, Cicero published the set of speeches he had given in the context of prosecuting Verres as well as those he had prepared for delivery – ‛prepared for delivery’ because the case came to a premature end before the speeches could be delivered. Not the least of their skills was the ability to think up procedural shenanigans to derail or at least delay the trial until the following year. (When cithara-players perform, they make use of both hands: the right hand uses the plectron and this is called ‘to perform outside’; the fingers of the left hand pluck the strings and this is called ‘to perform inside’. 54, 128-42. (1989), Ethos and Pathos from Aristotle to Cicero, Amsterdam. or use a Roman numeral (Ver. (2002), ’Rhetorical Education in Cicero’s Youth’, in J. M. May (ed. If the setting is a court of law, the prosecutor tries to convince those who judge the case of the guilt of the defendant, whereas the advocate aims to achieve a verdict of innocence. Vérifiez si votre institution a déjà acquis ce livre : authentifiez-vous à OpenEdition Freemium for Books. 27After their year as magistrates, consuls and praetors were customarily appointed as governors of provinces, assuming the title of pro-consul (‛acting consul’) or pro-praetor (‛acting praetor’) during their time in office (usually one year, but often prolonged). Still, it bears stressing that in the form we have them they are indistinguishable from the written versions of those speeches he actually delivered. Valet hoc proverbium et in eos qui multum intestinis suis commodis consulunt praeter honestatem. The traits Cicero emphasizes in the former are his murderous villainy and conspicuous stupidity, whereas the latter comes into Cicero’s rhetorical crosshairs for his yellow-bellied cowardice. For each province, a lex provinciae defined the rights and obligations that the otherwise by and large self-governing civic communities (civitates) within a province had towards Rome. But in the larger scheme of things, Ver. It would have been Cicero’s practice in any case to work up extensive written notes for a speech before its oral delivery – which of course does not mean that he read from a script in court – and he most likely had his contribution to the actio secunda more or less ready to go by the time the trial began.18. 31 For Rome’s imperial presence and diplomatic interaction with civic communities within the provinces and beyond see e.g. Verres C. Verres, the governor of Sicily form 73 B.C. The driving forces and motivations behind Rome’s imperial expansion have been the subject of much controversial debate.28 But whatever the intent, by the time of the Verrines, the rise of Rome from a town on the Tiber to the centre of an empire that spanned the entire Mediterranean world was by and large complete. 18In his handling of the affair at Lampsacus, Cicero opts for a two-pronged approach to prove Verres’ guilt: to begin with, he simply presupposes that the sequence of events has as its unifying factor Verres’ inability to keep his lecherous instincts under control. (2008), Cicero as Evidence: A Historian’s Commentary, Oxford, 15-9. Towards the end of the republican period, legates who travelled in the company of pro-magistrates were also given lictors, especially when they represented their superior in military command or jurisdiction. Other rhetorical features energize Cicero’s ‘rhetorical pouncing’: the switch from the (retarding) future non dicam to the much more immediate present dico; the use of the demonstrative pronoun hoc (see previous note); the switch from a generalizing passive construction in the indirect statement after non dicam (signum ablatum esse) to the active reliquisse with a specific agent (te), reinforced by a direct address (Verres); and the expansion of the idea of ‘carrying away’ from the single ablatum esse to the *alliterative *pleonasm evecta exportataque esse. We encounter: 29In addition to provincial governors and their staff, Cicero also mentions Romans who had come to Asia independently to pursue business interests. The (fairly frequent) phenomenon of a relative pronoun assuming a twofold syntactic function is best illustrated by rephrasing the relative clause as a main clause: eum omnia ‘intus canere’ dicebant – ‘they used to say that he played all of his music inside’. Jahrhundert v. Chr. Pseudo-Asconius’ commentary on this passage is worth quoting in full since it brings out an otherwise obscure nuance of Cicero’s text:45, cum canunt citharistae, utriusque manus funguntur officio. 2 non modo apud nos sed apud exteras nationes Harl. For the problem of plausibility in abuse, see Craig, C. (2004), ’Audience Expectations, Invective, and Proof’, in J. Powell and J. Paterson (eds. When all is said and done, so Cicero claims repeatedly, Verres is unable to explain why what occurred did occur. secuti Baiter, Kayser, Mueller.Habent non modo apud ext. While it may go too far to see this institution, in which members of Rome’s ruling elite sat in judgement over their peers, as a means by which Rome’s imperial republic maintained for itself the myth of beneficial imperialism, in practice the court can be considered ‛the chief countervailing force against the all-powerful Roman magistrate and his companions in the military field and provincial government.’36, 31In the course of its history, arrangements of who could act as prosecutor and who manned the juries underwent several changes. 2.1. 24 On ethopoiea: Gildenhard (2011) 20-22 with much further bibliography. Search. Aspendum: located on the Southern coast of Turkey on the right bank of the river Eurymedon (between the modern tourist hotspots Antalya and Alanya), Aspendos was a significant centre of trade in ancient times, especially for salt, oil, grain, and wool; after the battle of Magnesia in 190 BC, it became part of the kingdom of Pergamum, which King Attalus III, at his death without heir, bequeathed to Rome in 133 BC. fiddle_n, the author of these sets back in 2011-2012. The staff included fairly high-ranking Romans with ambitions of entering the cursus honorum, that is, a political career involving magistracies and military commands. . edit. Cicero, Against Verres, 2.1.53-86 : Latin text with introduction, study questions, commentary and English translation. hoc dico, nullum te Aspendi signum, Verres, reliquisse: Cicero uses *homoioteleuton as a stylistic device to connect three main themes of the paragraph: (i) the town of Aspendos, (ii) its rich treasure of statues, and (iii) their plunder by Verres. nat. ), Cicero the Advocate, Oxford, 117-46 (117). (cf. Note also the crescendo from one accusative object (omnia) to two prepositional phrases in the ablative, the second with an attribute (ex fanis, ex locis publicis), to three phrases indicating modalities of removal: palam (an adverb), spectantibus omnibus (an ablative absolute), plaustris (an instrumental ablative). I have a dream that my four little children will one day live. 2.1), from which our passage comes, contains an exhaustive discussion of Verres’ career before he took on the governorship of Sicily. Some Remarks on the Language of amicitia’, in A. Coşkun (ed. 2.2-5 with the fourth. ‘who, as they used to say, played all of his music inside’. In Verrem ("Against Verres") is a series of speeches made by Cicero in 70 BC, during the corruption and extortion trial of Gaius Verres, the former governor of Sicily.The speeches, which were concurrent with Cicero's election to the aedileship, paved the way for Cicero's public career. [full essay], Aspendum vetus oppidum et nobile in Pamphylia scitis esse, plenissimum signorum optimorum. Cicero triumphed with the (surviving) speech Divinatio in Caecilium, in which he showed that his adversary was just not up to the task.nominis delatio and nominis receptio (c. 20 January 70 or soon thereafter): after his victory over Caecilius, Cicero submitted a formal charge (nominis delatio), which was accepted by the praetor (nominis receptio).inquisitio: to prepare his case, Cicero asked for, and was granted, 110 days, during which he travelled to Sicily to secure witnesses and documentation. And even individuals or groups that only make a cameo appearance in his text have a distinct (if often one-sided) identity and personality profile that enables the audience to relate to them. Cicero won the case against major resistance. Login or signup free. authentifiez-vous à OpenEdition Freemium for Books. 129).14 With the actio prima completed on 13 August, the court adjourned for the Votive Games that began on 16 August (comperendinatio). These included the nomination of Verres’ former quaestor Quintus Caecilius Niger as a rival prosecutor, which meant that Cicero had to argue for the right to bring Verres to justice in a preliminary hearing (he obviously won). Roman magistrates and pro-magistrates relied on an extensive staff (called apparitores) in the execution of their office. ; 86: accipite nnnc! Read "Cicero, Against Verres, 2.1.53–86 Latin Text with Introduction, Study Questions, Commentary and English Translation" by Ingo Gildenhard available from Rakuten Kobo. See also the note on de quo saepe audistis below. Cicero presents the lurid details of Verres' alleged crimes in exquisite and sophisticated prose. ), Cultural Identity in the Roman Empire, London, 10-24. Verres’ legateship in the Greek East fell into a period marked by much unrest across the entire region. Cicero in Verrem 2.1.53-86; Tacitus Annals 15.20–23, 33–45; Virgil Aeneid 4.1-299; Upload a Resource (test mode – don’t use) ... Register Login. 34 Lictors carried the fasces, a bundle of wooden sticks that symbolized the power of the office both domi and militiae (in the latter sphere, the fasces contained an axe). Section 3 outlines the main modes of persuasion in (ancient) rhetoric and briefly indicates how Cicero applies them in our passage. This is followed by an account of the infamous episode at Lampsacus, which revolves around an unsuccessful attempt to abduct and rape a local woman that resulted in the death of a Roman official, provincials pushed to the brink of rioting, and judicial murder. Difficile est autem quod Aspendius citharista faciebat: ut non uteretur cantu utraque manu, sed omnia, id est universam cantionem, intus et sinistra tantum manu complecteretur. Still, it is unclear whether all members of Cicero’s Roman audience would have been able to locate the town securely on a map. OpenEdition est un portail de ressources électroniques en sciences humaines et sociales. Such commissions could be either ad hoc or permanent (‛standing’). I hope this is useful to those of you teaching or soon to teach this text. praeter r et Burn. 32 A vast subject. ‛By chance’ (casu), a great number of embassies from the towns Verres had ravaged happened to be in Rome at the time, and Cicero describes heart-wrenching scenes of Greek ambassadors setting eyes on long lost treasures, often statues of gods and goddesses of profound religious value and significance, breaking down on the spot, in public, in worship and tears. Nōn dīcam illinc hoc signum ablātum esse et illud. plaustris wagon, cart, wain; constellation of Great Bear/Big Dipper; euecta carry away, convey out; carry up; exalt; jut out, project; exportō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum, [ex + portō], 1, a., carry away, send away, export. Skip navigation Sign in. 5The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3rd revised edition, edited by S. Hornblower and A. Spawforth, Oxford, 2003) offers good overviews of the lives and careers of Marcus Tullius Cicero and Gaius Verres.3 About the former we know more than about any other person from antiquity, mainly from his own writings; about the latter we know very little beyond what Cicero tells us in the Verrines. As a countermove and to accelerate proceedings, Cicero broke with conventions in his opening speech: instead of a lengthy disquisition setting out all of the charges (oratio perpetua), followed by a prolonged hearing of supporting witnesses, he quickly and summarily sketched out each of the charges and produced a limited number of supporting witnesses. Aspendium a town in Pamphylia that came under Roman rule in 133 B.C. But how does one succeed in causing another person to consent to one’s own point of view and to act accordingly? a story or narrative, from the technical term narratio, which is used of that part of a forensic speech in which the speaker sets out the facts of the case: see Levene, D. S. (2004), ’Reading Cicero’s Narratives’, in J. Powell and J. Paterson (eds. 38 Cf. 19 Cicero uses *praeteritio to pass over Verres’ (singularly depraved) youth, limiting his coverage of Verres’ crimes to the four periods in which he acted as a magistrate of the Roman people: his quaestorship, his legateship in Asia Minor, his urban praetorship, and his governorship of Sicily (§ 34). Atque etiam illum Aspendium citharistam, dē quō saepe audīstis id quod est Graecīs hominibus in prōverbiō, quem omnia ‘intus canere’ dīcēbant, sustulit et in intimīs suīs aedibus posuit, ut etiam illum ipsum suō artificiō superāsse videātur. Creative Commons - Attribution - Pas d’Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 2.0 Royaume-Uni : Angleterre & Pays de Galles - CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 UK. The so-called Verrine Orations thus comprise the Divinatio in Caecilium (‛Preliminary hearing against Caecilius’), which won him the right to act as prosecutor of Verres; the decisive speech he gave during the first hearing (in Verrem 1); and the material Cicero prepared for the second hearing, repackaged into five undelivered orations (in Verrem 2.1-5).1 The dissemination of this corpus of speeches constituted an unprecedented enterprise, ‛the largest single publication of [his] entire career, if not the biggest such undertaking in the first century B.C.’2 Cicero’s rationale for publishing the speeches against Verres in written form was most likely complex and will have involved his desire to consolidate his standing as an orator and the wish to broadcast the enormous amount of work he had put into the trial. [53] Aspendum vetus oppidum etnobile in Pamphylia scitisesse, plenissimum signorumoptimorum.You know that Aspendus is an ancientand noble town in Pamphylia, ve… North Carolina, 83, cited by Frazel, T. D. (2004), ’The Composition and Circulation of Cicero’s In Verrem’, Classical Quarterly n.s. 8If Verres advanced his career by means of his strategic treachery, Cicero, the son of a knight (eques) and hence a so-called ‛new man’ (homo novus), that is, someone without senatorial ancestors in the family, invested in a superb education as a means of getting ahead.7 He was under no illusion: battlefield success was the privileged pathway to glory at Rome and Cicero did his best to accumulate military accolades when the occasion presented itself – as it did during his stint as pro-consul in Cilicia in 51, the same province in which Verres served as legate thirty years previously. But Cicero also gives us insidious character appraisals of Gnaeus Dolabella, the governor of Cilicia and Verres’ superior in command, and Gaius Nero, the governor of Asia, that is, the province in which Lampsacus was located. [Ingo Gildenhard; Marcus Tullius Cicero] Cicero’s main aim in this paragraph is to illustrate the magnitude of Verres’ greed, in particular how it manifests itself in comprehensive looting. Book 2 1 Book 2 2 Book 2 3 Book 2 4 Book ... 1. Yet while it is the centre of Ver. By turning it into a fact, Cicero both flatters and bullies the audience: since no one likes to appear ignorant, presumably even those members of the audience (most likely the majority) who had never heard of either the statue or the proverb would have nodded knowingly. (1980), ’Patronage and Politics in the Verrines’, Chiron 10, 273-89 (280 n. 44). Reden gegen Verres 1 (actio prima)In Verrem I Übersetzung 1,1 • 1,2 • 1,3 • 1,13 • 1,14 • 1,32 • 1,33 Cicero here reconsiders events that happened about a decade earlier, in an effort to portray Verres as evil through and through. 4This introduction contains some background material designed to aid in the understanding of the rhetorical and historical dimension of the chosen passage. By varying the verbs (reliquisse; evecta exportataque esse), Cicero manages to apply both of the antithetical poles ‘none’ and ‘all’ to Verres’ despoilment of Aspendos, in keeping with his preference for ‘extreme’ expressions (see note on plenissimum above). Assignments were usually done by lot, but could also be ‛arranged’ by those who were entitled to take up a provincial governorship in any given year. Answer this question with reference to, What is the technical term of the stylistic device that links. Vincenzo Giustiniani, who in … Or is it the authority of the speaker, deriving, perhaps, from (superior) age, position, or prestige? The Verrines are full of magnificent passages that illustrate Cicero at his best: as a superb raconteur who generates a gripping story out of precious few facts; as a heavy-hitting cross-examiner who lays into his adversaries with a remorseless flurry of rhetorical questions; as a master in the projection or portrayal of character (so-called ethos or ethopoiea) and the manipulation of emotions (so-called pathos); and, not least, as a creative individual gifted with an impish imagination who knows how to entertain. For Classics teachers. In addition, the portion of text under consideration here includes two paragraphs that are especially designed to appeal to the emotions. His stunning success helped to eclipse Hortensius’ reputation as Rome’s leading orator and establish Cicero as the ‛king of the courts’, a moniker previously owned by his rival. Wenn ich bei euren Übersetzungen gucke, und bei Verrem 1,1 schaue, dann ist da ein ganz andrer Text. nat., mediis omissis, Dp et codd. Both monographs are excellent pieces of scholarship as well as highly entertaining reads. Some years after his consulship in 63 BC, Cicero suffered the same fate as Verres: voluntary exile. Cicero, Against Verres, 2.1.53-86. 3The orations are brilliant models of eloquence (as well as spin) by arguably the supreme prose stylist ever to write in Latin. 4 On Cicero and invective, see the papers in Booth, J. 1, 2Ver. Private Enterprise in the Service of the Roman Republic, Oxford. Scholars have debated, more or less inconclusively, whether and, if so, to what degree Cicero revised speeches after delivery before circulating them in written form. No clear consensus has emerged, not least since his practice will most likely have differed from case to case, ranging from almost instant release with only minor adjustments to significant revision and publication several years after the original delivery.17 The speeches that Cicero prepared for the second hearing belong to those that he anyway never gave, so here the question is moot. Identify the three superlatives in the paragraph. In outline the speech breaks down into the following sections: 1-23: Preface24-31: Explanation why Cicero didn’t indict in detail during the actio prima32-34: Blueprint of the actio secunda1934-40: Verres’ quaestorship41-102: Verres’ stint as legate and pro-quaestor of Dolabella in Cilicia41-61: Verres’ thefts of artworks62-86a: The Lampsacus episode86b-90: The theft at Miletus90-102: Verres’ crimes as a guardian and pro-quaestor103-58: Verres’ urban praetorship103-27: Abuses of his judicial powers128-54: Misconduct as a supervisor of the maintenance of public buildings155-58: His jury-tampering in other trials, 16The Lampsacus episode stands out as the centrepiece of the oration – a sustained and largely self-contained unit, in which Cicero explores Verres’ past in particular depth and detail. 11After the selection of the jury in the second half of July, the trial began on 5 August. Latin Cicero In Verrem 2.1 Chapter 53 Translation [Click Info tab for entire description] Hello! The most important handbook on invention and style in classical and classicizing rhetoric is Lausberg, H. (1998), Handbook of Literary Rhetoric, Leiden. 1 I follow the practice of the Oxford Latin Dictionary in referring to the speeches, but reference systems vary. Alexander, Hortensius' speech [in bibliography]) • Cicero subsequently publishes the Actio Secunda (In Verrem II) in five books, in which he has collected and arranged the list of Verres’ misdeeds 2. None of this mattered: at the actual trial, Cicero triumphed resoundingly by out-witting, out-preparing, and out-talking the opposition. 1.88: Amphilochus et Mopsus Argivorum reges fuerunt, sed iidem augures, iique urbis in ora maritima Ciliciae Graecas condiderunt), but this is just the sort of information he could have picked up during his pro-consulship in Cilicia in 51 BC. Unde omnes quotquot fures erant a Graecis Aspendii citharistae in proverbio dicebantur, quod, ut ille carminis, ita isti furtorum occultatores erant. Political Speeches: A New Translation, Oxford, 3-12, and Lintott, A. viii Cicero, Against Verres, 2.1.53–86 their good sense and sensibility vastly improved the final product. ACTIONIS IN C. VERREM SECVNDAE LIBER TERTIVS [1] Omnes qui alterum, iudices, nullis impulsi inimicitiis, nulla privatim laesi iniuria, nullo praemio adducti in iudicium rei publicae causa vocant providere debent non solum quid oneris in praesentia tollant, sed quantum in omnem vitam negoti suscipere conentur. Ver. Verres’ pockets were sufficiently deep for an extensive campaign of bribery. ... Cicero In Verrem 2.1, 53-58 andyjkeen. Politics and Administration, London and New York, 70-96 and 206-12. And Section 5 offers a short introduction to the type of law court in which Verres stood trial. Cicero, at any rate, typically characterized his audience as being more knowledgeable than it most likely was. ; 81: parcetis? True, consistency of character was an important argument in Roman law courts – anyone who could be shown to have a criminal record was considered more likely to have perpetrated the crime for which he was on trial, whereas an unblemished past could be marshalled in support of a plea of innocence. C - 13013 Marseille FranceVous pouvez également nous indiquer à l'aide du formulaire suivant les coordonnées de votre institution ou de votre bibliothèque afin que nous les contactions pour leur suggérer l’achat de ce livre. 37 Brunt, P. A. Many, but by no means all, cases that came before the quaestio de repetundis involved the exploitation of provincial subjects by Roman magistrates. It never reconvened: Verres considered the case that Cicero presented against him during the first hearing so compelling that he went into voluntary exile. In all of his published orations, Cicero maintains the illusion that the text is the record of a performance. Many more detailed accounts of the circumstances of the trial exist than the bare-bone coverage provided here. In §§ 78-85, he explores and rebuts potential lines of defence Verres might have adopted to cast doubt on Cicero’s interpretation and give an alternative explanation of what happened. Landmark events in Rome’s conquest of the Greek East include the following (those in bold Cicero mentions in § 55): 229: First Illyrian War197: T. Quinctius Flamininus defeats Philip V, King of Macedonia, at Cynoscephalai190: L. Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus defeats Antiochus III, King of Syria168: L. Aemilius Paulus defeats Perseus, King of Macedonia146: L. Mummius destroys Corinth; establishment of the province of Macedonia133: Attalus III, King of Pergamum, bequeathes his kingdom to Rome upon his death129: Establishment of the province of Asiac. Some may consider a recurrent um-ending plodding, or even cacophonous in principle, but here it produces an *onomatopoetic effect that enhances Cicero’s feeling of outrage at Verres’ misdeeds.43. 7This is not to say that Verres was a particularly delightful human being. The evidence is murky. 30Verres stood trial in the so-called quaestio de repetundis. In a society that placed a premium on esteem for magistrates, this would have meant a powerful boost to Verres’ cause. 7 Wiseman, T. P. (1971), New Men in the Roman Senate, Oxford; Gildenhard, I. 2 Settle, J. N. (1962), The publication of Cicero’s orations, Diss. The problem is of course less acute when we imagine the context of reception to be not an oral performance during a public trial, but a private reading session at a villa: in that case, any reader unfamiliar with the proverb and interested in ascertaining its wider significance could have found out by quizzing one of his learned Greek slaves. 11 See below Section 5: The Roman extortion court. 23 One may wish to distinguish the act of narration or the result thereof, i.e. Cicero also spends some time on Verres’ worthless entourage, notably Rubrius. hoc dīcō, nūllum tē Aspendī signum, Verrēs, relīquisse, omnia ex fānīs, ex locīs pūblicīs, palam, spectantibus omnibus, plaustrīs ēvecta exportātaque esse. Thus Cicero does his best to depict Verres as a heinous and hardened criminal, with a particular penchant for debauchery from his early youth. Two of the best are Berry, D. H. (2006), Cicero. 28In the course of the section considered here, Cicero mentions a wide range of Roman personnel involved in provincial administration. 3 Beware, though: looking for Cicero in the OCD under ’Cicero’ will prove futile. nobile: the attribute strikes a note of pathos and, also from an etymological point of view [nosco + bilis], points forward to scitis: the city, Cicero claims, is so renowned that its prestige and location can count as common knowledge.
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